Tag: WWII

Warning; Shocking content about WWII.⚠️

From GROK

Fred Ramsdell was indeed referring to the scurfy mouse strain (formally sf on the X chromosome) in his Nobel interview on nobelprize.org.

These aren’t the primary “recipient” mice used in Shimon Sakaguchi’s landmark 1995 paper, but they were the source of the T cells that made the experiment possible. Let me explain why this strain—born from Manhattan Project research—was so crucial, in plain terms.

Quick Background on the Mice’s Origin

During World War II, the Manhattan Project (the U.S. effort to build the atomic bomb) included studies at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee on radiation’s effects on biology. Researchers irradiated mice to mimic nuclear exposure and track mutations.😳
In the late 1940s, a spontaneous (non-radiation-induced) mutation popped up in one breeding line: (I don’t believe it. I think nefarious actors seeded these mice to be mutant on purpose to control science outcomes in the future.) Male mice developed severe, fatal autoimmune diseases (skin issues, organ failure from immune overattacks). Females were fine due to their second X chromosome compensating. This X-linked trait was named “scurfy” (from the scaly, scabby skin).

The strain was preserved and bred at Oak Ridge for decades—hundreds or thousands of generations—becoming a stable model for studying immune dysfunction. (Why do this? Motive? A fake model)

By the 1990s, it was available to researchers like Sakaguchi.

How They Fit into the 1995 Experiment-Sakaguchi’s paper (J. Immunol., 1995) tested if a subset of T cells (CD4+ CD25+ “regulators,” or Tregs) prevents autoimmunity.
semanticscholar.org +1

Here’s the step-by-step role of the scurfy mice:

Dr. Shiro Ishii

Dr. Shirō Ishii (石井 四郎, June 25, 1892 – October 9, 1959) was a Japanese microbiologist, physician, and senior Imperial Japanese Army medical officer who led the notorious Unit 731, a secret biological and chemical warfare research program during World War II. He directed horrific human experiments on prisoners—estimated to have killed up to 300,000 people through vivisection’s, pathogen testing (like plague, anthrax, and cholera), and field attacks in China—under the guise of the “Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department” in occupied Manchuria.

After Japan’s surrender in 1945, Ishii evaded prosecution at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Tokyo Trials). In exchange for his Unit 731 data, the U.S. government granted him and key subordinates immunity from war crimes charges, prioritizing Cold War-era bioweapons research over justice. He was interrogated in Tokyo, then hired by the U.S. Army to lecture at Fort Detrick (Maryland) on bioweapons techniques, influencing American programs during the early Cold War and possibly the Korean War.

Ishii retired to private life in Japan, dying of throat cancer on this date in 1959 at age 67, without facing trial—unlike some subordinates tried by the Soviets in 1949.

The T-Cell Research

Sourcing “Normal” T Cells:

The team took lymph nodes and spleens from heterozygous scurfy females (genotype sf/+, like BALB/c nu/+ in the paper—carriers with one mutated X but healthy themselves). Why these? They produce a mix of normal and potentially faulty T cells, but overall function like wild-type mice. This gave a reliable pool of peripheral CD4+ T cells (the “army coordinators” in immunity) to test.
Depleting the Regulators:From those cells, they used antibodies to remove the CD25+ subset (the Tregs, about 10% of CD4+ cells).
Result: A “regulator-free” mix of aggressive T cells that would normally be kept in check.

Transfer to “Blank Slate” Recipients:These depleted cells were injected into immunodeficient nude mice (athymic, no functional T cells of their own—discovered in 1962, unrelated to Manhattan Project).
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Without T-regs, the transferred cells went rogue: Every recipient developed multi-organ autoimmunity (thyroiditis, diabetes-like pancreatitis, arthritis, etc.) within weeks—mirroring human diseases.

Controls Confirmed the Key Insight:Transferring all CD4+ cells (Tregs included)? No autoimmunity.
This proved Tregs maintain “peripheral self-tolerance” (post-thymus checks on rogue cells).

Why These Mice Were Uniquely Important

Genetic Stability from Generations of Breeding: The scurfy line’s long history at Oak Ridge ensured low genetic drift—pure, consistent mutations for reliable experiments. (UNNATURAL MANIPULATION so they were more likely to get the outcome they wanted. That’s a fake outcome and cheating. Humans diversify and change naturally in evolution all the time because of our epigenetic RNA. The scientists hate our free will RNA because they can’t control it.)

Modern strains might vary, but this one was “battle-tested” over 50 years. (FAKE!)

Built-In Autoimmunity Clue: Scurfy males lack functional FOXP3 (a T-reg master gene, later identified by Ramsdell and Mary Brunkow in 2001).
nobelprize.org +1

Heterozygous females provided “normal-ish” cells to isolate the T-reg effect, foreshadowing FOXP3’s role. Without this strain, pinpointing T-regs as the “brake” on autoimmunity would have been harder.

Historical Tie to Radiation/Genetics Research: The Manhattan Project’s mutation-hunting laid groundwork for immunology models. As Ramsdell noted, it’s a “shout-out” to how WWII science serendipitously birthed tools for 1990s breakthroughs.
nobelprize.org

In short, the scurfy mice supplied the T cells that “proved” T-regs exist by showing what happens without them—a eureka moment tying back to 1940s atomic research. This work (with Ramsdell/Brunkow’s FOXP3 follow-up) earned the 2025 Nobel for peripheral immune tolerance.
nature.com

If you want the full interview transcript or more on scurfy mice, let me know!-GROK

I have to think about this some more, but I’m happy to hear your comments on these mice.-Lisa T.